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MAX LIEBERMANN
(1847 Berlin 1935)
Bildnis des Kaufmanns Robert Neumann. 1925.
Öl auf Leinwand.
Oben rechts signiert: M. Liebermann.
54,3 × 42,2 cm.

Wir danken Sandra Sykora für die freundliche Hilfe und ihre wissenschaftliche Unterstützung. Provenienz: - Robert Neumann, Berlin, direkt beim Künstler erworben. - Max Neumann, Königsberg, von Obigem erhalten. - Eva Ilse Neumann, geb. Goldstaub, Königsberg, 1933 durch Erbschaft von Obigem erhalten. - Privatbesitz USA, durch Erbschaft von Obiger erhalten. Literatur: Matthias Eberle: Max Liebermann, Werkverzeichnis der Gemälde und Ölstudien 1900–1935, Bd. II, S. 1132, Nr. 1925/10 (mit Abb.). Die Sammlung Robert Neumann Eine Sammlung, zwei Wege, dazwischen der Atlantik: Die Schicksale der beiden Gemälde von Max Liebermann, die hier in der Auktion angeboten werden, des "Bildnis des Kaufmanns Robert Neumann" (Los 3202) und der "Studie zu den Netzflickerinnen" (Los 3203), könnten unterschiedlicher nicht sein. Dabei gehörten sie einst beide dem jüdischen Kaufmann Robert Neumann (1875–1937), der in Berlin und im ostpreussischen Königsberg Warenhäuser mit dem Namen "Sommerfeld" besass und eine beachtliche Kunstsammlung mit Werken u.a. von Monet, Degas, Gauguin, Sisley, Corinth, Leible, Cranach d.Ä. und anderen zusammengetragen hatte. Offenbar war Robert Neumann auch ein grosser Verehrer der Kunst von Max Liebermann, dem er 1925 für das hier angebotene feinfühlige Porträt Modell sass. In diesem Jahr feierte Robert Neumann seinen fünfzigsten Geburtstag – vielleicht der Anlass für den erfolgreichen Unternehmer Bilanz zu ziehen und sich mit Anzug, Gilet, weissem Hemd, Krawatte und Einstecktuch gepflegt und doch zurückhaltend verewigen zu lassen. Von Max Liebermann besass Neumann noch weitere Gemälde, unter anderem ein Selbstbildnis des Künstlers "nach rechts mit der Zigarette in der Linken" (1902), sowie den "Rosengarten in Wannsee mit der Tochter und der Enkelin des Künstlers". Diese zauberhafte intime Gartenansicht von 1920 schenkte Robert Neumann seinem Sohn Max 1926 anlässlich dessen Hochzeit mit Eva Ilse Goldstaub, der Tochter eines prominenten Anwalts. Auch das hier angebotene Porträt seines Vaters erhielt schliesslich Max Neumann, der in Königsberg die Filiale seines Vaters führte. Schon im März 1933 jedoch wurde Max Neumann Opfer des brutalen Überfalls eines NS-Schlägertrupps; seine Witwe floh mit der 1927 geborenen gemeinsamen Tochter Toni zunächst in die Niederlande, später in die USA. Den "Rosengarten" sowie das Porträt ihres Schwiegervaters Robert Neumann nahm sie mit in die neue Heimat, wo sie im November 1938 ankam. Die "Netzflickerinnen" stammen dagegen aus der Sammlung des Breslauer Sammlers Max Böhm, der ebenfalls von Max Liebermann porträtiert worden war. Im Januar 1931 lieferte Böhm seine Sammlung im Auktionshaus Lepke ein, doch viele Werke gingen zurück: Mitten in der Weltwirtschaftskrise war die Zeit für Kunstverkäufe nicht günstig. Jedenfalls hat sich im Zentralarchiv der Staatlichen Museen Berlin ein Schreiben vom 18. Februar 1931 erhalten, in dem Max Böhm die "Netzflickerinnen" zusammen mit anderen Werken dem damaligen Direktor der Nationalgalerie Ludwig Justi zum Kauf anbot. Das Museum lehnte aber mit Verweis auf den fehlenden Ankaufsetat ab. Offenbar übernahm stattdessen der jüdische Kunsthändler Dr. Fritz Nathan das Gemälde und vermittelte es an Robert Neumann weiter. 1936 emigrierte Robert Neumann mit seiner zweiten Frau Ilse Neumann, geb. Meinhart-Tucholsky (1887–1940), einer Cousine des Schriftstellers Kurt Tucholsky (1890–1935), ins italienische Meran. Der Kunsthändler Nathan seinerseits wanderte in die Schweiz aus. Durch einen geschickten Schachzug gelang es Nathan, nach und nach insgesamt 54 Werke der Neumann’schen Kunstsammlung vor dem Zugriff der Nationalsozialisten zu bewahren, darunter die "Netzflickerinnen": Er deklarierte sie mit der Hilfe des damaligen Stadtpräsidenten von St. Gallen, Konrad Nägeli, kurzerhand als Dauerleihgabe des dortigen Kunstmuseums und lagerte sie dort ein. Im Juni 1936 schenkte Robert Neumann die in St. Gallen befindlichen Kunstwerke seiner zweiten Frau Ilse Neumann und verschied 1937 in Meran. Seine Witwe, deren Ausweispapiere abgelaufen waren, konnte, wiederum mit der Hilfe von Nathan und Nägeli, von Italien in die Schweiz ausreisen und emigrierte schliesslich im Juli 1939 in die USA. Zuvor betraute sie Nathan mit dem Verkauf ihrer Sammlung; diese wurde teilweise an Privatsammler vermittelt, teilweise von Museen übernommen und teilweise bei der Galerie Fischer Luzern 1941 in die Auktion gegeben. Auch die "Netzflickerinnen" wurden dort mit gutem Erfolg verkauft. Ilse Neumann verstarb bereits 1940, nur wenige Monate nach ihrer Ankunft in den USA. Ihre in der Schweiz verbliebene Kunstsammlung beziehungsweise den Erlös des Verkaufs vermachte sie testamentarisch der Tochter ihres verstorbenen Mannes, Irmgard Neumann, sowie seiner Enkelin, Toni Neumann, der Tochter des Sohnes Max Neumanns. Nach intensiven Recherchen konnten kürzlich alle Erben nach Ilse Neumann ausfindig gemacht und eine einvernehmliche Lösung für den Verkauf der "Netzflickerinnen" mit ihnen gefunden werden. Die Freude war gross, als im Laufe der Verhandlungen mit einem der Erben nach Toni Neumann dieser dem Auktionshaus Koller auch das "Bildnis des Kaufmanns Robert Neumann" zum Verkauf anvertraute. Das Porträt des Urgrossvaters befand sich immer noch im Besitz der Familie und trat nun ein zweites Mal den Weg über den Atlantik an. Sandra Sykora, Juristin und Kunsthistorikerin. Wir danken dem Kunstmuseum St. Gallen für Hinweise zur Sammlung Neumann.
MAX LIEBERMANN
(1847 Berlin 1935)
Portrait of the businessman Robert Neumann. 1925.
Oil on canvas.
Signed upper right: M. Liebermann.
54.3 × 42.2 cm.

We would like to thank Sandra Sykora for her kind assistance. Provenance: - Robert Neumann, Berlin, acquired directly from the artist. - Max Neumann, Königsberg, received from the above. - Eva Ilse Neumann, born Goldstaub, Königsberg, by descent from the above in 1933. - Private collection USA, by descent from the above. Literature: Matthias Eberle: Max Liebermann, Werkverzeichnis der Gemälde und Ölstudien 1900–1935, vol. 2, p. 1132, no. 1925/10 (with ill.). The collection of Robert Neumann One collection, two paths, with the Atlantic in between: The fates of the two paintings by Max Liebermann that are offered here in the auction, the “Portrait of the businessman Robert Neumann” (lot 3202) and the “Study to Netzflickerinnen” (lot 3202), could not be more different. They both once belonged to the Jewish merchant Robert Neumann (1875–1937), who owned warehouses in Berlin and Königsberg in East Prussia under the name "Sommerfeld" and a considerable art collection with works by Monet, Degas, Gauguin, Sisley, Corinth, Leible, Cranach the Elder, among others. Apparently, Robert Neumann was also a great admirer of the art of Max Liebermann for whom he sat as model in 1925 for the sensitive portrait offered here. That year Robert Neumann celebrated his fiftieth birthday - perhaps the reason for the successful entrepreneur to take stock and to be immortalized with a suit, waistcoat, white shirt, tie and pocket square, well-groomed and yet reserved. Neumann owned other paintings by Max Liebermann, including a self-portrait by the artist "to the right with the cigarette in his left" (1902), as well as the "rose garden in Wannsee with the artist's daughter and granddaughter". Robert Neumann gave this enchanting, intimate garden view from 1920 to his son Max in 1926 on the occasion of Max’s wedding to Eva Ilse Goldstaub, the daughter of a prominent lawyer. The portrait of his father offered here was also finally received by Max Neumann, who ran his father's branch in Königsberg. In March 1933, however, Max Neumann was the victim of a brutal attack by Nazi thugs; his widow fled with their daughter Toni, who was born in 1927, first to the Netherlands and later to the USA. She took the "rose garden" and the portrait of her father-in-law Robert Neumann with her to her new home, where she arrived in November 1938. The "Netzflickerinnen", on the other hand, came from the collection of the Breslau collector Max Böhm, who was also portrayed by Max Liebermann. In January 1931, Böhm tried to sell his collection at the Lepke auction house in Berlin, but many works were not sold: in the midst of the global economic crisis, the time was not favorable for art sales. In any case, a letter dated February 18, 1931 has been preserved in the central archive of the Staatliche Museen Berlin in which Max Böhm offered the "Netzflickerinnen" along with other works to the director of the National Gallery at the time, Ludwig Justi. However, the museum declined with reference to the lack of a purchase budget. Apparently, the Jewish art dealer Dr. Fritz Nathan then bought the painting and passed it on to Robert Neumann. In 1936 Robert Neumann emigrated to Merano, Italy, with his second wife Ilse Neumann, née Meinhart-Tucholski (1887–1940), a cousin of the writer Kurt Tucholsky (1890-1935). The art dealer Nathan, for his part, emigrated to Switzerland. In a clever move, Nathan managed to keep a total of 54 works, that were in the Neumann art collection, from being accessed by the National Socialists, including the "Netzflickerinnen": He declared them with the help of the then Mayor of St. Gallen, Konrad Nägeli, without further ado as a permanent loan to the local art museum, and had them deposited in the museum. In June 1936 Robert Neumann gifted the works of art, which were stored in St. Gallen, to his second wife Ilse Neumann and passed away in Meran in 1937. His widow, whose identity papers had expired, was able to travel from Italy to Switzerland, again with the help of Nathan and Nägeli, and finally emigrated to the USA in July 1939. Prior to leaving Switzerland, she gave Nathan the job of selling her collection; the works were partly brokered to private collectors, partly taken over by museums and partly put up for auction at Galerie Fischer Lucerne in 1941, including the “Netzflickerinnen”. Ilse Neumann died in 1940, just a few months after arriving in the USA. In a will, she bequeathed the art collection that remained in Switzerland (or rather the proceeds from the sale) to the daughter of her deceased husband, Irmgard Neumann, and his granddaughter, Toni Neumann, the daughter of Max. After intensive research, all the heirs to Ilse Neumann were recently found and an amicable solution for the sale of the "Netzflickerinnen" was found with them. In the course of negotiations with one of Toni Neumann's heirs, he also entrusted Koller Auctions with the "Portrait of the businessman Robert Neumann" for sale. The portrait of the great-grandfather was still in the family's possession and has now made the journey across the Atlantic a second time. Sandra Sykora, Jurist and Art historian We would like to thank the Kunstmuseum St. Gallen for references to the Neumann Collection.
MAX LIEBERMANN
(1847 Berlin 1935)
Bildnis des Kaufmanns Robert Neumann. 1925.
Öl auf Leinwand.
Oben rechts signiert: M. Liebermann.
54,3 × 42,2 cm.

Wir danken Sandra Sykora für die freundliche Hilfe und ihre wissenschaftliche Unterstützung. Provenienz: - Robert Neumann, Berlin, direkt beim Künstler erworben. - Max Neumann, Königsberg, von Obigem erhalten. - Eva Ilse Neumann, geb. Goldstaub, Königsberg, 1933 durch Erbschaft von Obigem erhalten. - Privatbesitz USA, durch Erbschaft von Obiger erhalten. Literatur: Matthias Eberle: Max Liebermann, Werkverzeichnis der Gemälde und Ölstudien 1900–1935, Bd. II, S. 1132, Nr. 1925/10 (mit Abb.). Die Sammlung Robert Neumann Eine Sammlung, zwei Wege, dazwischen der Atlantik: Die Schicksale der beiden Gemälde von Max Liebermann, die hier in der Auktion angeboten werden, des "Bildnis des Kaufmanns Robert Neumann" (Los 3202) und der "Studie zu den Netzflickerinnen" (Los 3203), könnten unterschiedlicher nicht sein. Dabei gehörten sie einst beide dem jüdischen Kaufmann Robert Neumann (1875–1937), der in Berlin und im ostpreussischen Königsberg Warenhäuser mit dem Namen "Sommerfeld" besass und eine beachtliche Kunstsammlung mit Werken u.a. von Monet, Degas, Gauguin, Sisley, Corinth, Leible, Cranach d.Ä. und anderen zusammengetragen hatte. Offenbar war Robert Neumann auch ein grosser Verehrer der Kunst von Max Liebermann, dem er 1925 für das hier angebotene feinfühlige Porträt Modell sass. In diesem Jahr feierte Robert Neumann seinen fünfzigsten Geburtstag – vielleicht der Anlass für den erfolgreichen Unternehmer Bilanz zu ziehen und sich mit Anzug, Gilet, weissem Hemd, Krawatte und Einstecktuch gepflegt und doch zurückhaltend verewigen zu lassen. Von Max Liebermann besass Neumann noch weitere Gemälde, unter anderem ein Selbstbildnis des Künstlers "nach rechts mit der Zigarette in der Linken" (1902), sowie den "Rosengarten in Wannsee mit der Tochter und der Enkelin des Künstlers". Diese zauberhafte intime Gartenansicht von 1920 schenkte Robert Neumann seinem Sohn Max 1926 anlässlich dessen Hochzeit mit Eva Ilse Goldstaub, der Tochter eines prominenten Anwalts. Auch das hier angebotene Porträt seines Vaters erhielt schliesslich Max Neumann, der in Königsberg die Filiale seines Vaters führte. Schon im März 1933 jedoch wurde Max Neumann Opfer des brutalen Überfalls eines NS-Schlägertrupps; seine Witwe floh mit der 1927 geborenen gemeinsamen Tochter Toni zunächst in die Niederlande, später in die USA. Den "Rosengarten" sowie das Porträt ihres Schwiegervaters Robert Neumann nahm sie mit in die neue Heimat, wo sie im November 1938 ankam. Die "Netzflickerinnen" stammen dagegen aus der Sammlung des Breslauer Sammlers Max Böhm, der ebenfalls von Max Liebermann porträtiert worden war. Im Januar 1931 lieferte Böhm seine Sammlung im Auktionshaus Lepke ein, doch viele Werke gingen zurück: Mitten in der Weltwirtschaftskrise war die Zeit für Kunstverkäufe nicht günstig. Jedenfalls hat sich im Zentralarchiv der Staatlichen Museen Berlin ein Schreiben vom 18. Februar 1931 erhalten, in dem Max Böhm die "Netzflickerinnen" zusammen mit anderen Werken dem damaligen Direktor der Nationalgalerie Ludwig Justi zum Kauf anbot. Das Museum lehnte aber mit Verweis auf den fehlenden Ankaufsetat ab. Offenbar übernahm stattdessen der jüdische Kunsthändler Dr. Fritz Nathan das Gemälde und vermittelte es an Robert Neumann weiter. 1936 emigrierte Robert Neumann mit seiner zweiten Frau Ilse Neumann, geb. Meinhart-Tucholsky (1887–1940), einer Cousine des Schriftstellers Kurt Tucholsky (1890–1935), ins italienische Meran. Der Kunsthändler Nathan seinerseits wanderte in die Schweiz aus. Durch einen geschickten Schachzug gelang es Nathan, nach und nach insgesamt 54 Werke der Neumann’schen Kunstsammlung vor dem Zugriff der Nationalsozialisten zu bewahren, darunter die "Netzflickerinnen": Er deklarierte sie mit der Hilfe des damaligen Stadtpräsidenten von St. Gallen, Konrad Nägeli, kurzerhand als Dauerleihgabe des dortigen Kunstmuseums und lagerte sie dort ein. Im Juni 1936 schenkte Robert Neumann die in St. Gallen befindlichen Kunstwerke seiner zweiten Frau Ilse Neumann und verschied 1937 in Meran. Seine Witwe, deren Ausweispapiere abgelaufen waren, konnte, wiederum mit der Hilfe von Nathan und Nägeli, von Italien in die Schweiz ausreisen und emigrierte schliesslich im Juli 1939 in die USA. Zuvor betraute sie Nathan mit dem Verkauf ihrer Sammlung; diese wurde teilweise an Privatsammler vermittelt, teilweise von Museen übernommen und teilweise bei der Galerie Fischer Luzern 1941 in die Auktion gegeben. Auch die "Netzflickerinnen" wurden dort mit gutem Erfolg verkauft. Ilse Neumann verstarb bereits 1940, nur wenige Monate nach ihrer Ankunft in den USA. Ihre in der Schweiz verbliebene Kunstsammlung beziehungsweise den Erlös des Verkaufs vermachte sie testamentarisch der Tochter ihres verstorbenen Mannes, Irmgard Neumann, sowie seiner Enkelin, Toni Neumann, der Tochter des Sohnes Max Neumanns. Nach intensiven Recherchen konnten kürzlich alle Erben nach Ilse Neumann ausfindig gemacht und eine einvernehmliche Lösung für den Verkauf der "Netzflickerinnen" mit ihnen gefunden werden. Die Freude war gross, als im Laufe der Verhandlungen mit einem der Erben nach Toni Neumann dieser dem Auktionshaus Koller auch das "Bildnis des Kaufmanns Robert Neumann" zum Verkauf anvertraute. Das Porträt des Urgrossvaters befand sich immer noch im Besitz der Familie und trat nun ein zweites Mal den Weg über den Atlantik an. Sandra Sykora, Juristin und Kunsthistorikerin. Wir danken dem Kunstmuseum St. Gallen für Hinweise zur Sammlung Neumann.
MAX LIEBERMANN
(1847 Berlin 1935)
Portrait of the businessman Robert Neumann. 1925.
Oil on canvas.
Signed upper right: M. Liebermann.
54.3 × 42.2 cm.

We would like to thank Sandra Sykora for her kind assistance. Provenance: - Robert Neumann, Berlin, acquired directly from the artist. - Max Neumann, Königsberg, received from the above. - Eva Ilse Neumann, born Goldstaub, Königsberg, by descent from the above in 1933. - Private collection USA, by descent from the above. Literature: Matthias Eberle: Max Liebermann, Werkverzeichnis der Gemälde und Ölstudien 1900–1935, vol. 2, p. 1132, no. 1925/10 (with ill.). The collection of Robert Neumann One collection, two paths, with the Atlantic in between: The fates of the two paintings by Max Liebermann that are offered here in the auction, the “Portrait of the businessman Robert Neumann” (lot 3202) and the “Study to Netzflickerinnen” (lot 3202), could not be more different. They both once belonged to the Jewish merchant Robert Neumann (1875–1937), who owned warehouses in Berlin and Königsberg in East Prussia under the name "Sommerfeld" and a considerable art collection with works by Monet, Degas, Gauguin, Sisley, Corinth, Leible, Cranach the Elder, among others. Apparently, Robert Neumann was also a great admirer of the art of Max Liebermann for whom he sat as model in 1925 for the sensitive portrait offered here. That year Robert Neumann celebrated his fiftieth birthday - perhaps the reason for the successful entrepreneur to take stock and to be immortalized with a suit, waistcoat, white shirt, tie and pocket square, well-groomed and yet reserved. Neumann owned other paintings by Max Liebermann, including a self-portrait by the artist "to the right with the cigarette in his left" (1902), as well as the "rose garden in Wannsee with the artist's daughter and granddaughter". Robert Neumann gave this enchanting, intimate garden view from 1920 to his son Max in 1926 on the occasion of Max’s wedding to Eva Ilse Goldstaub, the daughter of a prominent lawyer. The portrait of his father offered here was also finally received by Max Neumann, who ran his father's branch in Königsberg. In March 1933, however, Max Neumann was the victim of a brutal attack by Nazi thugs; his widow fled with their daughter Toni, who was born in 1927, first to the Netherlands and later to the USA. She took the "rose garden" and the portrait of her father-in-law Robert Neumann with her to her new home, where she arrived in November 1938. The "Netzflickerinnen", on the other hand, came from the collection of the Breslau collector Max Böhm, who was also portrayed by Max Liebermann. In January 1931, Böhm tried to sell his collection at the Lepke auction house in Berlin, but many works were not sold: in the midst of the global economic crisis, the time was not favorable for art sales. In any case, a letter dated February 18, 1931 has been preserved in the central archive of the Staatliche Museen Berlin in which Max Böhm offered the "Netzflickerinnen" along with other works to the director of the National Gallery at the time, Ludwig Justi. However, the museum declined with reference to the lack of a purchase budget. Apparently, the Jewish art dealer Dr. Fritz Nathan then bought the painting and passed it on to Robert Neumann. In 1936 Robert Neumann emigrated to Merano, Italy, with his second wife Ilse Neumann, née Meinhart-Tucholski (1887–1940), a cousin of the writer Kurt Tucholsky (1890-1935). The art dealer Nathan, for his part, emigrated to Switzerland. In a clever move, Nathan managed to keep a total of 54 works, that were in the Neumann art collection, from being accessed by the National Socialists, including the "Netzflickerinnen": He declared them with the help of the then Mayor of St. Gallen, Konrad Nägeli, without further ado as a permanent loan to the local art museum, and had them deposited in the museum. In June 1936 Robert Neumann gifted the works of art, which were stored in St. Gallen, to his second wife Ilse Neumann and passed away in Meran in 1937. His widow, whose identity papers had expired, was able to travel from Italy to Switzerland, again with the help of Nathan and Nägeli, and finally emigrated to the USA in July 1939. Prior to leaving Switzerland, she gave Nathan the job of selling her collection; the works were partly brokered to private collectors, partly taken over by museums and partly put up for auction at Galerie Fischer Lucerne in 1941, including the “Netzflickerinnen”. Ilse Neumann died in 1940, just a few months after arriving in the USA. In a will, she bequeathed the art collection that remained in Switzerland (or rather the proceeds from the sale) to the daughter of her deceased husband, Irmgard Neumann, and his granddaughter, Toni Neumann, the daughter of Max. After intensive research, all the heirs to Ilse Neumann were recently found and an amicable solution for the sale of the "Netzflickerinnen" was found with them. In the course of negotiations with one of Toni Neumann's heirs, he also entrusted Koller Auctions with the "Portrait of the businessman Robert Neumann" for sale. The portrait of the great-grandfather was still in the family's possession and has now made the journey across the Atlantic a second time. Sandra Sykora, Jurist and Art historian We would like to thank the Kunstmuseum St. Gallen for references to the Neumann Collection.

Impressionismus & Moderne (A197)

Auktionsdatum

Please read clause 8 in our auction conditions (in all catalogues or on www.kollerauctions.com) regarding the collection of items. 

Wichtige Informationen

- 25.00 % buyer's premium on the hammer price
- 22.00 % buyer's premium on the amount of the hammer price exceeding 10,000
- 15.00 % buyer's premium on the amount of the hammer price exceeding 400,000

7.7.00 % VAT on buyer's premium

Different tax regulations may apply, if the object is exported to a none-E.U. member country

AGB

CONDITIONS KOLLER ZURICH


By participating in the auction the bidder accepts the following Auction Conditions of Koller Auctions Ltd ("Koller").

1. Legal status of the parties

The auction items are auctioned by Koller in the name and on the account of the seller (the "Seller"). The bid in Swiss francs is accepted from the highest bidder (the "Purchaser") recognised by Koller in the course of the auction resulting in the conclusion of a purchase contract between the Seller and the Purchaser.

2. Surcharge

2.1 In addition to the bid price, the Purchaser must pay a surcharge on such bid price calculated as follows:

(i) on a successful bid of up to CHF 10 000: 25 %

(ii) on a successful bid over CHF 10 000 up to CHF 400 000:
25 % on the first CHF 10 000 and 20 % on the difference between CHF 10 000 and the bid.

(iii) on a successful bid over CHF 400 000:
25 % on the first CHF 10 000, 20 % on CHF 390 000 and 15 % on the difference between CHF 400 000 and the bid.

2.2 If the winning bid is placed in the course of an internet live online auction ("Online Auction"), the surcharges are subject to the conditions published on the respective Internet sites.

2.3 The Purchaser must pay Swiss value added tax ("VAT") on the surcharge. The stated percentage of the surcharge relates to the successful bid for each individual item.

2.4 The full tax is charged on all items marked * in the auction catalogue, i.e. VAT is charged on the sum of the bid price plus the surcharge for those items. The VAT will be refunded to Purchasers providing a validly stamped export declaration.

2.5 The Purchaser agrees that Koller also receives a commission from the Seller.

3. Disclaimer

3.1 The items are auctioned in the condition existing at the time of the successful bid.

3.2 The items are described to the best of our knowledge and belief. However, Koller cannot accept any liability for the details provided in the catalogue. The items can be inspected during the preview. The Purchaser is therefore invited to inspect an item prior to the auction and, possibly with the support of an independent specialist advisor, to form its own opinion of the correspondence between the lot and the catalogue description. For the specifications of the items the print edition of the catalogue in the German language (including any later amendments) shall be exclusively applicable. Koller reserves the right to call in experts or specialists of its choice to give an opinion and to rely upon that opinion. Koller cannot be held liable for the correctness of such opinions. Neither any such expert opinions or reports, nor the descriptions of items provided by Koller or other statements pertaining to an item (including statements pertaining to the value thereof) constitute explicit or implicit warranties.

3.3 Subject to Clause 4 below, no guarantee or warranty whatsoever is given in respect of legal and material defects. The liabilities of the Seller vis-à-vis the Purchaser are limited to the same extent as the liabilities of Koller vis-à-vis the Purchaser.

4. Guarantee for forged items

4.1 Koller shall reverse the purchase (subject to Clauses 4.2 and 4.3 below) and shall reimburse the purchase price and the surcharge (incl. VAT) to the Purchaser if the item proves to be a forgery. A “forgery” shall be deemed to exist if the item in the reasonable opinion of Koller is an imitation created with the intention of causing a deception with respect to the originator, age, period, culture or source, where the correct description of such content is not reflected in the auction catalogue (taking account of any additions), and where this circumstance significantly impairs the value of the item in comparison to an item corresponding to the catalogue description. A lot shall not be deemed to have been forged if it is merely damaged and/or has been subjected to restoration work and/or modifications of any nature whatsoever.

4.2 The guarantee given to the Purchaser in accordance with the above provision shall not be applicable at the discretion of Koller if:

(i) the description of the item in the auction catalogue was supported by the view of a specialist or by the prevailing view of specialists, or if the description in the auction catalogue suggested that differences of opinion exist in this respect;
(ii) the forgery was not identifiable as such at the time of the successful bid in accordance with the current state of research and with the generally acknowledged and usual methods, or only with disproportionate effort;
(iii) the forgery (in Koller’s careful view) was produced before 1880; or
(iv) the purchase item is a painting, watercolour, a drawing or sculpture which according to the details set out in the auction catalogue should have been created prior to 1880.

4.3 This guarantee is applicable from the day of the successful bid for a period of two (2) years (three (3) weeks for jewellery). It shall be granted exclusively to the Purchaser and may not be assigned to any third party. Assertion of the guarantee claim shall be conditional upon the Purchaser making a complaint to Koller by registered letter immediately after the discovery of the defect, and returning the purchase item to Koller in the same condition as it was handed over to him and unencumbered by third parties' claims. The Purchaser must provide proof that the item is a forgery. Koller may demand that the Purchaser obtains at his own expense expert opinions from two independent individuals who are recognised experts in the field. However, Koller shall not be bound by any such expert opinion, and reserves the right to obtain additional expert advice at its own expense.

4.4 Koller may at its complete discretion waive the assertion of grounds for exclusion pursuant to the above Clause 4.2 or the fulfilment of preconditions pursuant to the above Clause 4.3.

4.5 The claims of the Purchaser against Koller under Clause 4.1 are limited to the reimbursement of the purchase price and surcharge (incl. VAT) paid by the Purchaser. Further or other claims of the Purchaser against Koller or its employees are excluded under any legal title whatsoever.

5. Participation in the auction

5.1 Any party may participate in an auction as a Purchaser. However, Koller reserves the right at its complete discretion to prevent any person entering its premises or attending or participating in its auctions.

5.2 Purchasers who are not personally known to Koller must register at least 48 hours before the auction, using the form provided for this purpose. A copy of the passport of the Purchaser must be enclosed with registration, signed with legal effect. In the event of every payment default of the Purchaser, Koller shall be entitled to charge the credit card of the Purchaser in accordance with the details provided on the registration form up to the level of the owed sum plus the expenses of the card provider.

5.3 If a Purchaser who is unknown to Koller is planning to bid for items with upper estimated values of more than CHF 15 000, he shall be required to present to Koller in advance a certificate of creditworthiness issued by a bank approved by Koller.

5.4 In the case of bids for items with upper estimated values of more than CHF 30 000, Koller may demand that the Purchaser first remits 20 % of the lower estimated value as security. Following the auction, Koller will offset this sum against its claims and the claims of the Seller, and will reimburse any possible surpluses to the Purchaser without delay.

6. Auction

6.1 Koller may initiate the auctioning of an item below the minimum selling price agreed upon with the Seller. A bid placed at an auction is a binding offer. The bidder shall remain bound by his bid until this is either outbid or rejected by Koller. Double bids shall immediately be called once again; in case of doubt, the auction management shall decide.

6.2 Koller may refuse a bid either without giving reasons or if a Purchaser fails to fulfil the conditions for participation in an auction pursuant to the above Clauses 5.2 to 5.4. Koller may also knock down or withdraw auctioned items without a sale even if this is not apparent to the auction participants.

6.3 Koller reserves the right to combine, separate or omit numbered lots in the catalogue or to offer them out of sequence. Koller reserves the right to sell lots “conditionally” at its sole discretion, in which event the hammer price will be considered as conditional and the highest bidder will remain bound by his bid for 14 days following the auction. The highest bidder will be released from all obligations if he does not receive a statement from Koller within this period declaring the hammer price as final.

6.4 Written bids from potential Purchasers who cannot attend the auction in person are accepted up to 48 hours before the bidding begins.

6.5 Potential Purchasers may bid by telephone if they have given written notice at least 48 hours before the auction starts. Koller does not accept telephone bids for amounts under CHF 500 and Purchasers are requested to leave a written bid or participate in the salesroom.

6.6 Potential Purchasers who intend to place their bids in the course of an Online Auction via the internet may participate in the auction once their registration applications have been approved by Koller. Koller reserves the right to decline registration applications at its discretion.

6.7 Koller refuses all liability for any kind of bids as well as advance notifications of telephone bidding which are not taken into consideration. Telephone bidders and persons giving written instructions are also subject to the provisions of Clause 5 relating to proof of identity and financial soundness. In the case of Purchasers who place bids in the course of an Online Auction via the internet, Clause 5 only applies with regards to financial soundness.

7. Transfer of title

Ownership of an auctioned item shall be transferred to the Purchaser as soon as the purchase price and the surcharge (incl. VAT) have been comprehensively paid and Koller has attributed these payments to the corresponding item.

8. Collection of the auctioned items

8.1 The auctioned items must be collected at the Purchaser's own expense within 7 days from the end of the auction during official opening hours. If time permits, the items may be handed over after each auction session. The handover shall be performed following comprehensive payment of the purchase price as well as the surcharge (incl. VAT) and the attribution of this sum to the auctioned item by Koller. Cheques offered as payment must be confirmed by the drawee bank before the auctioned item is handed over.

8.2 During the aforementioned period Koller shall be liable for loss, theft, damage or destruction of items which have been auctioned and paid for, but only up to the total of the auction price, surcharge and VAT. Koller ceases to have liability after the aforementioned period, and the Purchaser shall be responsible for ensuring adequate insurance cover for the auctioned item. No liability can be assumed for frames and glass. If the auctioned items are not collected within 7 days, Koller will store the works at a company of their choice at the purchaser’s own risk and expense or on their own premises at a daily rate of CHF 10 per object.

8.3 Transport orders may be sent to Koller in writing. Unless otherwise agreed in writing, transport insurance shall be taken out for the sold items at the expense of the Purchaser. Glazed pictures and fragile items shall not be sent by Koller.

9. Payment for the auctioned items

9.1 The invoice for a successful bid for an auctioned item is payable within 7 days from the end of the auction. Irrespective of the Purchaser's instructions, Koller may use any payments by the Purchaser as settlement for any debt owed by the Purchaser to Koller or the Seller and set off any debt which it owes to the Purchaser against its own claims. If the Purchaser defaults on a payment, default interest of 10 % p.a. shall be charged on top of the invoiced sum.

9.2 If the Purchaser does not pay or does not pay promptly, Koller may moreover in its own name and in the Seller's name optionally (i) insist on the fulfilment of the purchase agreement or (ii) without further notice withdraw from the purchase agreement and waive the subsequent performance of the Purchaser or assert a claim for compensation for non-performance; in the latter case Koller shall also be entitled, irrespective of a possible minimum sales price, to sell the item either directly or on the occasion of an auction, and may use the proceeds to reduce the debts of the Purchaser. Any possible sales price above the original hammer price shall be paid out to the Seller. The Purchaser is liable to Koller and the Seller for all prejudice caused by non-payment or late payment.

9.3 Koller retains a right of retention and a lien on all the Purchaser's items in its custody until full payment of all monies owed. Koller may exercise such liens in accordance with the legislation on the enforcement of debts or by private sale (including in its own name). The plea of prior lien exploitation pursuant to Art. 41 of the Swiss Debt Collection and Bankruptcy Act is excluded.

10. Representation

Each Purchaser shall be personally liable for the bid placed by him. Proof of the power of representation may be requested from persons bidding as agents for a third party or as an organ of a corporate body. The agent shall be jointly and severally liable with his principal for the fulfilment of all obligations.

11. Miscellaneous provisions

11.1 The auction shall be attended by an official from the city of Zurich. The attending official, the local authority and the state have no liability for the acts of Koller.

11.2 Koller reserves the right to publish illustrations and photographs of sold items in its own publications and the media and to publicise its services therewith.

11.3 The aforementioned provisions form part of each individual purchase agreement concluded at the auction. Amendments are binding only with Koller's written agreement.

11.4 The present Auction Conditions and all amendments thereof are governed by Swiss law.

11.5 The courts of the Canton of Zurich shall be exclusively responsible for settling disputes (including the assertion of offsetting and counterclaims) which arise out of or in conjunction with these Auction Conditions (including their validity, legal effect, interpretation or fulfilment). Koller may, however, initiate legal proceedings before any other competent court.

Vollständige AGBs